Lviv Philological Journal

“PROBLEMS OF GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS” – AN INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE IN HONOR OF THE MEMORY OF DOCTOR OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, PROFESSOR VASYL VIKTOROVYCH LUCHIK

2025-02-14T16:22:11+02:00

“PROBLEMS OF GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS” – AN INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE IN HONOR OF THE MEMORY OF DOCTOR OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, PROFESSOR VASYL VIKTOROVYCH LUCHIK

LEXICAL INNOVATIONS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: RESPONDING TO THE DEMANDS OF A DIGITAL MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY

2025-02-17T08:08:32+02:00

The article investigates the evolving nature of lexical innovations in English, emphasising the development and role of neologisms and occasionalisms within various discourses shaped by today’s high-tech society. The study examines how new lexical units emerge, develop, and integrate into the language system in response to rapid social, technological, and multicultural changes. It identifies the key "points of growth" where lexical innovations are most prevalent, including science, technology, medicine, politics, economics, advertising, and contemporary fiction. The methodology analyses lexical innovations from many perspectives, including word formation, sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, typological, multicultural, and cognitive approaches. It reveals that the process of language neologisation has an uneven character, with increased activity in areas where social, political, scientific, and technical developments create new concepts requiring novel lexical representation. The findings demonstrate that lexical innovations emerge through various word-building models, including word compounding, blending, borrowing from other languages, using specialised prefixes, and using different stylistic devices. Particularly notable is the quick development of new terminology in high technology, cybercrime, family relationships, and ecology. The research highlights how conceptual multicultural societal changes, such as the evolution of family structures and technological advancement, drive the creation of new lexical units. The study also examines the role of occasional words in specific discourse domains like economics, politics, and tourism advertising. These context-specific lexical innovations often exhibit high expressiveness and creativity, concisely conveying complex ideas or attracting attention. The article concludes that the constant influx of neologisms and occasionalism reflects the essential adaptability of the English language in maintaining its relevance and meeting the evolving communicative needs of its users while also providing insights into broader social and multicultural transformations.

IMPLICATURES AND IRONY IN THE CONTEXT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2025-02-17T08:09:04+02:00

The article examines the processes of identifying and decoding implicatures and irony in the context of artificial intelligence, specifically using the ChatGPT model. With the current technological advancements, the popularity of large language models and open-access databases is on the rise. However, successfully handling communicative tasks containing elements of hidden, non-verbalized meaning, such as implicatures and irony, remains underexplored. These linguistic strategies, foundational in pragmalinguistic analysis, require cognitive interpretation and consideration of contextual parameters essential for their accurate understanding. The analysis focuses on several types of communicative strategies that reflect the success or failure of artificial intelligence in interpreting hidden meanings. Specifically, a context-free query revealed that AI generally perceives text literally, leading to unsuccessful decoding of implicatures, as the model overlooks hidden meanings not present on the surface. A query using register markers showed AI’s tendency to enhance and edit the text rather than detect hidden meanings through register analysis, indicating an insufficient ability to comprehend linguistic nuances on a deeper level. The most successful results were achieved with clarifying queries that included lexical and graphic elements typical of social media, such as hashtags, symbols, and emotional markers. By perceiving these as contextual cues, ChatGPT demonstrated significantly better results in decoding hidden meanings, as these cues help the model orient itself within the communicative context and improve its ability to recognize irony and implicatures. This suggests that the integration of contextual elements, like symbols and markers, can contribute to a more successful perception and reproduction of hidden meanings in AI communication.

NEOLOGISMS IN INTERNET DISCOURSE: DYNAMICS OF LINGUISTIC INNOVATION IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

2025-02-17T08:09:37+02:00

The research explores the dynamic development of neology, focusing on the emergence, formation, and socialisation of neologisms in contemporary linguistic discourse, particularly emphasising the transformative role of Internet communication. As language continuously adapts to technological and social changes, this study investigates the intricate mechanisms of lexical innovation and the factors driving linguistic evolution. Neology emerges as a critical field of linguistic research, examining the complex processes of new word creation and integration. The study reveals that neologisms are not mere linguistic curiosities but significant societal and technological transformation markers. By analysing various word-formation models, including word compounding, blending, abbreviation, and semantic extension, the research provides a comprehensive understanding of how new vocabulary emerges and gains acceptance. Internet discourse stands out as a primary catalyst for linguistic innovation. The research demonstrates that digital communication platforms have fundamentally altered language production, introducing unique communicative strategies characterised by linguistic compression, graphic expressiveness, and emotional intensity. The study identifies multiple formation mechanisms, highlighting how technological advancements stimulate linguistic creativity. Methodologically, the research employs a multifaceted approach, examining neologisms through linguistic, sociolinguistic, and pragmatic lenses. Key findings underscore the dynamic nature of language as a living system constantly negotiating meaning and relevance. The research identifies five critical stages of neologism socialisation: awareness, interest, assessment, trial, and ultimate acceptance or rejection. This process illuminates how language communities integrate and validate new linguistic forms. Theoretically, the study contributes to a broader understanding of language as a responsive, adaptive mechanism for meaning-making. It challenges traditional linguistic paradigms by demonstrating how digital communication fundamentally reshapes vocabulary creation and usage. The study comprehensively explores contemporary linguistic dynamics by mapping the intricate landscape of neologism formation, revealing language as a vibrant, continuously evolving human communication system.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTO-SLAVIC LEXEME *TĘGTI IN THE MODERN SLAVIC LANGUAGES

2025-02-17T08:07:45+02:00

After its disintegration, the Proto-Slavic language left a large amount of vocabulary, but the derived lexemes that have developed in modern Slavic languages testify not only to phonetic and word-forming features but also to the expansion of the semantics of the inherited elements. Therefore, there is a need to analyse the vocabulary of closely related languages to identify ways of expanding and modifying the semantics of the inherited vocabulary. The purpose of the proposed research was to analyze the peculiarities of the development of semantics and the creation of derived words from the Proto-Slavic lexeme *tęgti, with the identification of common and distinctive features in modern Slavic languages. The analysis of etymological, explanatory and translation dictionaries of the Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, and Bulgarian languages showed that there are many derivatives from *tęgti in their modern lexical systems. However, these derivatives have undergone either an expansion of semantics through metaphorization or a narrowing due to the extinction of individual meanings. The study showed that the Polish language developed two roots teng- (alternating with tong-) and ciąg-. Words with the root teng- have mixed semantics, where sorrow, strength, desire, power and burden are next to each other. More derivatives were formed from the root ciąg-they kept the meaning of burden and gravity but also developed semantics of negative impact on a person's physical and emotional state. In Bulgarian, the derivatives of *tęgti preserved the meaning of burden but also developed the meaning of force and sorrow. In Czech, the word touha, derived from *tęgti, means strong desire or greed, retaining only in some contexts the semantics of sorrow.

UKRAINIAN WORDNET AS A TOOL OF INTEGRATION THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE INTO THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE SPACE

2025-02-17T08:14:07+02:00

This paper addresses several key challenges encountered in the ongoing development of the Ukrainian wordnet, known as Ukrajinet, focusing on integrating and aligning vocabularies derived from various sources. These sources include traditional dictionaries, the Open English WordNet, and other wordnets from different languages. Ukrajinet, like other wordnets, serves as a linguistic resource that organises concepts into a series of lexical synonyms known as synsets. These synsets are provided with their definitions, examples of usage, and detailed mapping of lexical-semantic relations, such as hypernymy (generalisation) and hyponymy (specification), metonymy (part-whole relations), holonymy (whole-part relations), and antonymy (oppositeness). These relations are critical for enhancing the capabilities of natural language processing. The paper explicitly examines various synonymy forms and the relations of hyponymy and hypernymy as they are presented in the Open English Wordnet and conventional terminological physical and phonetic dictionaries. A distinction is made between lexical synonymy (synonymy based on formal similarity of terms) and contextual synonymy (synonymy based on conceptual similarity). A detailed analysis of term definitions across different sources revealed that traditional dictionaries often lack the hierarchical relations of hyponyms and hypernyms, essential for the structured representation of knowledge in wordnets. Furthermore, wordnets frequently contain inaccuracies or incomplete information, particularly in the definitions of concepts. The findings underscore the need for lexicographic post-processing in creating and refining wordnets. This procedure involves several key actions: introducing missing lexical units for concepts not captured in the initial datasets, revising existing definitions to enhance clarity and accuracy, and incorporating new conceptual entities and semantic structures. These tasks are especially important in managing relations of hypo- and hypernymy, ensuring that they align with the updated definitions. This paper posits that wordnets represent the future of lexicography.

PODIL OIKONYMS KROGULETS AND KRUGOLETS IN THE SYSTEM OF RELATED TOPONYMS OF UKRAINE AND SLAVIA: HISTORY, ETYMOLOGY

2025-02-17T08:19:07+02:00

The article is devoted to the linguistic (diachronic) study of the names of Ternopil Oblast settlements – Krogulets (Chortkiv district) and Krugolets (Kremenets district) with ambiguous etymology. The subject of the research is a comprehensive historical-linguistic analysis of the oikonyms Krogulets and Krugolets in the system of formally related names, attested in other regions of Ukraine, as well as outside its borders – on the territory of Poland. The analysis of the formal structure of the proper geographic names Krogulets and Krugolets proved that they are not derivatives of the anthroponym Krogulets (Krugolets) or from the appellative (through the mediation of the corresponding microtoponyms) krogulets ‛hawk’, ‛sparrow hawk’. Phonetic, word-forming features and comparative characteristics of these oikonyms with corresponding appellatives and onyms confirm that the toponymic basis of the name Krogul – the name Krogulets – was formed as a result of a phonetic change of the Polish counterpart Krągul- ‹ Krągol-. Toponymic basis of the name base Krugol – the name Krugolets is etymologically ambiguous. On the one hand, it is phonetically secondary to Krogol (у ‹ о under the influence of the preceding consonant г ‹ г ‹ g), and on the other hand, it can be a formation with the formant -ol- from the appellative krug (psl. *krǫgъ). Linguistic (diachronic) analysis of toponyms Krogulets and Krugolets from Ternopil Oblast in the circle of related names from other regions of Ukraine and Poland emphasizes the importance of not formal – based on the search for literal, consonant counterparts – but systemic, taking into account possible sound and structural changes in the process the evolution of the onym, the approach to the etymological interpretation of proper names in general and toponyms in particular.

PREPOSITIONAL-CASE CONSTRUCTIONS OF SPATIAL SEMANTICS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE OF THE 16TH–17TH CENTURIES

2025-02-17T08:34:30+02:00

The scientific study focuses on identifying and analyzing prepositional-case constructions as markers of spatial relations. These constructions consist of the spatial preposition v and a noun in the singular locative case, based on material from texts of various styles and genres of the Ukrainian language from the 16th–17th centuries. The article is devoted to a comprehensive examination of the usage of such constructions in Old Ukrainian during the specified period, during which they became widespread, initially replacing prepositionless constructions characteristic of the Kyiv Rus’ period. It has been observed that, in both the Old and Middle Ukrainian periods, texts frequently feature the combination of the simple spatial preposition v and its variants въ/ув/во with a semantically neutralized locative case. In these constructions, the preposition v indicates the position of a subject or object in space – static, contact-based localization – while the noun serves as a reference point, bearing a locative seme or designating a space or container. A detailed lexical-semantic analysis of the nouns shows that substantives with a locative seme predominantly express concrete meanings, often referring to household items, body parts, territorial units, or place names. Conversely, nouns with abstract meanings occur less frequently in prepositional-case locative constructions, and such examples typically involve derived reference names that lead to their metaphorization. Based on illustrative material, instances of phraseologization of the entire "в + locative case" construction have been observed, particularly when the noun with spatial semantics is a somatic term. It is also argued that verbs expressing static, specific physical actions actively participate in forming spatial constructions, complementing the semantic type of the locative. It has been established that the spatial semantics of the analyzed constructions are further specified by attributive words, such as toponym-derived adjectives, relative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, and genitive-case nouns indicating possession. Future research on "в + locative case" prepositional-case constructions could focus on studying the endings of nouns, which are influenced by the spatial preposition, stress patterns, and other internal linguistic and extralinguistic factors.

THE CATEGORY OF NEGATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DISCOURSE (TRANSLATION ASPECT)

2025-02-17T08:41:51+02:00

The language used in scientific and technical literature has unique characteristics in terms of grammar, vocabulary, phrases, and sentence structure. These features often make translation challenging. Negative statements are fundamental to human communication and form a distinct linguistic category. This category is universally present in all languages and styles and is studied by researchers across various linguistic levels, including lexical, morphological, grammatical, and semantic. In English, including in scientific texts, negation is categorised into grammatical, lexical, and lexico-grammatical types, which can pose translation difficulties. The article's authors aimed to analyse negation constructions in scientific and technical literature and suggest translation methods. The present work delves into different types of negative constructions and aims to distinguish between general and partial negation. The authors also discussed the main differences between the negation constructions in English and Ukrainian in their article. They analysed the main ways of translating negation constructions in modern scientific and technical texts. The work distinguished two types of negation in a sentence: general negation and partial negation. The research emphasised that in English scientific and technical texts, the means of expressing negation are divided into grammatical, lexical, and lexico-grammatical categories. There are different ways to translate these constructions based on the type of negation. General negation is part of a predicate or subject group; its scope covers the whole sentence. It often includes special constructions that must be translated carefully, avoiding a literal translation. Partial negation can refer to different parts of a sentence. Negative constructions in English scientific and technical literature have specific features that necessitate special attention from translators due to potential stumbling blocks created by negations.

ASPECTS OF VOCABULARY TRANSLATION FROM NATO GUIDELINES IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL PROTECTION

2025-02-17T08:45:22+02:00

The article examines aspects of translating lexical means from NATO guidance documents related to civil protection. It analyses specific challenges in the translation process, highlighting the importance of accuracy and correct terminology, as these factors determine the effectiveness of implementing international standards in the national civil protection practice. The relevance of studying the vocabulary of civil protection in times of war is emphasised. With the onset of the fullscale war, Ukraine’s needs have grown, and the Lviv State University of Life Safety has become a base for international projects, such as EU CHEM REACT, through collaboration with other educational institutions. This underscores the importance of studying specialised vocabulary and terminology in civil protection. The study is based on analysing specific translation examples, illustrating possible difficulties and methods to overcome them. Over a hundred phrases and terms in civil protection in Ukrainian and English were analysed, identifying frequently used translation methods, specifically transcoding and verbal translation. The study also revealed that contextual substitution is often applied, especially in cases where direct translation does not provide full understanding. Less popular but still utilised is descriptive translation, which appears rarely in the sample but proves effective in explaining complex concepts that lack direct equivalents in the Ukrainian language. In the reviewed document, we find the following types of transcoding: transcription, i.e. the transfer of the source language sound form by letters of the target language; transliteration, mixed transcoding, and adaptive transcoding. The article examines the main methods of translating civil protection terms from NATO’s documents ‘Good Governance and Building Integrity in the Defence and Security Sector: NATO Building Integrity Education and Training Discipline’ and provides recommendations for further research and practical use in adapting international documents for national needs.

STRUCTURE OF THE CONCEPT BETRAYAL ASSOCIATION FIELD IN ENGLISH

2025-02-17T08:50:06+02:00

Within the anthropocentric linguistics paradigm, researchers increasingly turn to psycholinguistic research methods, one of which is the association experiment. The term association field was introduced in science to analyse a certain number of interconnected associations. The verbalisation of betrayal in the English consciousness was revealed using an association test, which involved residents of London (England) aged 18 to 25 (365 men, 411 women) with different education: college and university students and respondents with bachelor’s and master’s degrees. The obtained results were grouped into 11 thematic blocks. According to the quantitative indicators, the structural elements of the concept of betrayal association field in English were identified: the core, the nuclear zone and the periphery, which in turn is divided into close and far. Thus, according to the quantitative indicators, the core concept of the betrayal association field in English consists of the 11 most frequent associations. Associations form the nuclear zone in the structure of the outlined field, the quantitative indicators of which are 14-7 reactions (31 examples). The periphery of the associative field includes 149 associations, the quantitative indicators ranging from 6 to 1 reactions. The periphery of the concept of the BETRAYAL association field is, in turn, divided into close and far. The close periphery includes examples of associations indicated by the number of respondents from 6 to 2. The most numerous were associations with a quantitative indicator of 2 reactions, 50 examples of which were found. The far periphery is formed by single or individual reactions – in total, 38 associations. Analysis of the participants’ reactions in the association test showed that betrayal is verbalised as a negative phenomenon of extralinguistic reality in the English linguistic consciousness. This is evidenced by the associations that form the core of the field. Representatives of British society sharply condemn any non-justification of trust processes at the personal level and at the level of society. For a significant part of the participants of the experiment, betrayal is associated with deception, with behaviour that causes negative emotions and is a reason for breaking up relationships. Native English speakers consider such behaviour as criminal and deserving of punishment.

UKRAINIAN ONOMASTIC TERMINOLOGY

2025-02-17T08:54:01+02:00

The paper aims to highlight the current problems of Ukrainian terminology of name studies. Our objective is to point out the problematic trends in developing Ukrainian onomastic terminology and describe its current state. We address the existing challenges within Ukrainian onomastic terminology, noting that comprehensive solutions have yet to be fully developed. Five problematic trends were established in the course of our investigation. 1. Introducing new terms is the coinage of terms if a real or imaginary need arises. It may be justified since new phenomena arrive into this world calling to be named. Hence, new terms appear, but sometimes, a newly coined term is either unnecessary or incorrect. 2. Futuristic terms are created to classify yet non-existent proper names that may be introduced, serving as placeholders for potential necessity. 3. Synonymous terms appear determined by the objective historical, scientific search for the best term for the most effective transfer of the desired meaning or by the subjective search, the result of excessive term coinages when a universally acknowledged term already exists. 4. Polysemantic terms come to life with the flow of time when some terms develop more than one meaning, usually because of the subjective approaches of researchers causing a kind of commotion in onomastic circles and an urgent need to explain and specify the use of the term in a particular context. 5. Incorrect use of onomastic terms that are supposed to bear a precise scientific meaning, a fact that might be neglected by some researchers who attempt to introduce onomastic terms into non-onomastic works. As a result of our research, we compiled a dictionary of Ukrainian onomastic terms, arranged alphabetically and containing 444 entries, each with a brief note on the term’s origin. Each term is concisely defined, followed by the most typical examples that tend to be self-explanatory or accompanied by a short description. Each term is supplied with a Ukrainian translation. The Ukrainian-English Key presents a shortened dictionary version that facilitates Ukrainian onomasticians’ use of the correct term.

SCIENTOMETRICS VERBALIZATION: FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC LOAD OF NEOLOGISMS-ANGLICISMS

2025-02-17T08:56:34+02:00

The scholarly investigation presents a multifunctional pragmatic scientific paradigm of knowledge and is carried out in the context of lexical-semantic neology: it concerns the word-formation and semantic derivation of neologisms derived from Anglicisms Scopus / Скопус і Hirsch / Гірш / Хірш. The relevance of this scholarly study is motivated by the need for a systematic examination of the process of neologisation in the Ukrainian language, which is carried out, in particular, through the discussion of the phenomenon of scientometrics as an important extralinguistic factor. The article aims to demonstrate the uniqueness of Ukrainian word formation, which is projected onto the nomination of the phenomenon of scientometrics. It is proven that in the Ukrainian linguistic space, Anglicisms and their derivatives function to name phenomena related to the concept of scientometrics and that, in addition to their semantic content, they carry a range of pragmatically negatively coloured meanings. It is confirmed that global trends towards internationalisation and globalisation are traced in the Ukrainian language, including the Americanization of society, which attests to the modelling of a unique hybrid global linguoculture. It, in particular, poses a certain threat to the organic development of the Ukrainian language and linguoculture. The neologisms, occasionalisms, and potential words discussed present the pragmatics of negativity, modelling an ironic, contemptuous, mocking, derisive, sarcastic, and biting tone, considering their modifications, which are realised through the graphic technique of quotation marks, the presentation of specific paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships, as well as the linguistic thought of Ukrainians. It is reflected in modelling a system of associations and the actualisation of slang neologisms of both Ukrainian and English origin, which enter the structure of actualised generic-species relationships and function as hypernyms. The features of the verbalisation of precedent phenomena related to the scientometric dimension are demonstrated, with particular emphasis on actualising a system of precedent situations motivated by American linguoculture.

NOMINATIVE NATURE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: WORD-BUILDING, STYLISTIC AND TRANSLATION ASPECTS

2025-02-17T09:01:23+02:00

This article is centred upon nominativity as a typical characteristic of the English language. In the article, nominative is studied on the material of attributive word combinations that signify the manner of action and, as such, can be regarded as syntactic synonymic versions of the verbal constructions accompanied by adverbs. For example, “a big snorer”, “a rapid packer’”, “a good mixer”, “an avid reader”, and “the biggest killer”. This article aims to identify factors that underlie the importance of the attributive constructions that characterise action in English. The research into the problem makes it possible to single out the following factors: semantic ambiguity of adverbs, compensated by adjectives in the nominative constructions; high productivity and unlimited combinability of the agent suffix -er, which encourages the formation of nouns and presents the action through its doer; general metaphorical characteristics of English which can move any phenomenon or process into the category of the doer of the action. The combination of semantic and morphological word-building makes attributive constructions a universal method of describing the action and its doer and a mechanism to create additional stylistic meaning and nuances (for example, personification and irony). Attributive word combinations of the given type are actively used in all styles and genres in English and are regarded as the ones that fit into the structural type of the English language. Grammatical-semantic properties of attributive word combinations in English are emphasised through translation. English-Ukrainian translation equivalents show that such ways of expression are not typical of Ukrainian, and in the same linguistic contexts, Ukrainian opts for the traditional way to characterise action, namely a verb accompanied by an adverb. The reproduction of the structure of most English attributive word combinations through the language means in Ukrainian is either impossible or leads to violating the language norms. Thus, attributive constructions are a natural way to describe action in English; they constitute a part of the structure of the English language and reflect its properties.

LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSING EMOTIONS IN THE TRANSLATION OF M. KOTSIUBYNSKYI’S “FATA MORGANA”

2025-02-17T09:05:03+02:00

The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of lexical means used to reproduce emotions in translating Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi’s Fata Morgana. Particular attention is paid to how emotionally coloured words and expressions in the original text help convey the characters’ inner world, their experiences and social conflicts and create the atmosphere and mood of the work. Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi skillfully uses a rich emotional arsenal to describe events and bring the reader to a deeper level of understanding of the character’s state of mind. The article also compares the English translation with the original, paying attention to how translators reproduce emotional connotations in translation, particularly the negative connotation of the used expressions. Cases when the emotional component is lost or distorted in translation are also considered, which can negatively affect the reader’s perception of the text. The author examines how different translation strategies can change the interpretation of emotional aspects, which leads to significant changes in foreign readers’ perception of a work. Among other things, the article discusses the role of emotive vocabulary in preserving the authenticity of the Ukrainian translation, as it allows for the most accurate reproduction of the atmosphere and psychological state of the characters. The article’s conclusions will contribute to the further development of translation studies, particularly in analyzing emotional vocabulary and its impact on the artistic perception of the text in translation. The study emphasises the importance of maintaining emotional authenticity in translation to ensure adequate communication between cultures. In addition, it helps to avoid cultural misunderstandings and ensures the correct perception of the meaning and mood of the original text. The study results can be useful for foreign language teachers, translators, and literary scholars. The data obtained allow us to develop a methodology for teaching the translation of literary texts, considering the peculiarities of conveying emotions. In addition, the study’s results can be used to create dictionaries of emotional vocabulary, which will facilitate the work of translators and literary critics.

OIKONIMIC WORD FORMATION IN THE TOPONYMIC SPACE OF V. V. LUCHYK

2025-02-17T09:09:06+02:00

The article analyses the systemic and structural properties of the place names recorded in the Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language Place Names by V. V. Luchyk. The materials of this particular dictionary, which presents proper names widespread throughout the Ukrainian territory, allow researchers to go beyond regional surveys of the onomastic vocabulary. Thus, it becomes possible to establish the word formation properties of each place name group with their subsequent consolidation into an integrated intermediate-level word formation microsystem. The study of the register oikonymic units of the second level of onomisation has made it possible to establish productive, medium productive and unproductive ways of word formation, as well as the motivational bases grades. It has been found that the studied units are mainly derived from other proper names such as hydronyms, anthroponyms, ethnonyms, choronyms, ergonyms, and appellatives, and less often from geographical terms. The productive ways of oikonyms’ word formation include lexical-semantic, suffixal, and stem formation. The lexical-semantic method of creation is most active in the field of simple oikonyms of the second level of onomisation, while complex oikonyms are formed in other ways. The compound suffix method shows an average degree of productivity in the field of oikonymic vocabulary, while the suffix-prefix and prefix methods are unproductive. Word-forming morphemes are also divided in the study by the degree of productivity. In the oikonymic class of units, a high degree of productivity is demonstrated by the suffixes -ивк-а, -ив-(-ов-е), -ин-(-ин-е), -к-а, a medium degree – -ськ, a low degree – -ець, -анк-а (-янк-а), -иц-я, -анск. The study also identified isolated uses of certain suffixes and prefixes, the productivity of which is considered to be zero: -иш, -уш, -ень, -ань, -изьк, -инь, их(а), -ав-а (-яв-а), -jь, під-, по-. It is proved that the creation of derivative oikonyms largely coincides with the corresponding processes in the appellative vocabulary, and this becomes one of the steps towards building an integral picture of Ukrainian synchronic word formation, which would equally reflect derivational processes in the sphere of appellative, toponymic and place-name vocabulary.

VERBALISATION PECULIARITIES OF THE CONCEPT DANGER IN MEDIA SPACE (TRANSLATION ASPECT)

2025-02-17T09:12:51+02:00

The article examines the peculiarities of verbalising the DANGER concept in the media space, particularly regarding translation techniques. The concept of DANGER is multidimensional and includes numerous threats and dangers with objective and subjective dimensions. The study examines articles from the BBC’s media collection that deal with risky scenarios such as wars, natural disasters, diseases and economic crises. The study analyses and compares the main linguistic indicators used to express danger in English literature with their equivalents in Ukrainian. The main focus is on the difficulties of translation and the transmission of contextual meanings and emotional colouring, which are important for accurately reflecting the level of danger. The methods of conveying conceptual information were used, including lexical equivalents and syntactic and stylistic approaches. The translator must not only convey the meaning of the text but also preserve the emotional impression it makes on the reader, taking into account the unique linguistic picture of the world. This requires a thorough understanding of the concept of DANGER and its semantic nuances in different contexts. The article emphasises that reproducing the DANGER concept in translation is a complex task that requires careful study and linguistic tools. As a result of the component analysis, the conceptual features of the studied concept and the peculiarities of its translation were identified using the frame analysis of the text. The study has shown that there are quite a few areas of use for the concept of danger. The most common is the context – ‘Danger to human health and life’. It accounts for 33.5% of the total number of analysed segments. We also identified 7 ways of implementing the DANGER concept. The most represented emphasises the actual ‘danger’ with the help of a synonymous range of lexemes (43%), directly pointing to the source of the danger and its consequences. The least represented way of implementing the concept is using phraseological units, i.e., idioms, to demonstrate a dangerous situation (4.5%).

CROSS-INDUSTRY TERMINOLOGY FORMED ACCORDING TO THE SOMATIC METAPHORICAL MODEL (TRANSLATIONAL ASPECT)

2025-02-17T09:15:36+02:00

This research is devoted to describing the specifics of metaphorical modeling of English and Ukrainian languages terminological systems of in different spheres. Metaphorical conceptualization is constitutive in the process of forming models that correlate with terminological systems. In science, when using a metaphor, two obviously different objects or phenomena are identified. First, complete identity is asserted, then this same identity is denied, maintaining the affirmation for some part of the object. Scientists use already existing linguistic means, since a new word would not tell others anything about the nature of the new object. To make an object understandable and accessible to others, you can choose a word which meaning “pushes” to a new concept. Metaphor based on analogy is a fundamental property of thinking and allows one to represent the characteristic features of the object being studied and to realize its key features in an exaggerated form. The heuristic nature of the metaphorical terminological unit lies in the activation of certain knowledge structures, comprehension of a certain image based on an associative series and transferring it from one area to another. Thus, the authors can say that the metaphorical fragment of term systems is an organic part of the language of science. This testifies to the organic unity of human cognitive activity and performs a number of functions that are significant for the process of cognition. The analysis of the metaphorical fragment of the English terminosystem shows that unlike the similar fragment of the Ukrainian terminosystem, the anthropomorphic model dominates here. The knowledge structures involved in the conceptualisation processes in the two languages are different. Firstly, the English fragment of the certain sphere terminology system is characterised by the use of single, not complex attributes: the attribute of similarity of functioning principles. We can also speak about the dominance of the parameter of visual perception, as the attribute of appearance is more often conceptualised in nomination. In contrast to the Ukrainian terminological system, the English one involves to a much lesser extent generalised somatic images representing a living organism in terms of physiological parameters (body parts).

METAPHORICAL IMAGE OF PERSON IN THE VERNACULAR LANGUAGE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

2025-02-17T09:20:07+02:00

The study provides a comprehensive cognitive and discursive characteristic of nominal units with the semantic component PERSON in vernacular English and reveals the regularities of structural and semantic organisation of the following metaphorical models, the lexical and phraseological means of its verbalisation as well as cognitive and semiotic categorisation within such metaphorical models, the conceptualisation of linguistic and cultural information that forms the metaphorical image of PERSON in English dialects is traced. In modern language theory, interdisciplinary research is intensifying, which is characterised by a combination of linguistic and extralinguistic factors that influence the ways of expressing human ideas about the world around us and ourselves as carriers of a certain culture within the anthropocentric paradigm of modern linguistics. The desire of linguists to synthesise different paradigms, methods and principles is due to the need to consider epistemological and ontological factors when analysing linguistic material. In line with modern cognitive semantics, it is emphasised that cognitive entities are closely related to the meanings of words, which are realised through certain models of knowledge representation, in our case, conceptual metaphorical models. Anthropocentric symbolism is one of the oldest ‘symbolic languages’ of mankind. The concept of PERSON can be seen as a global one, associated with comprehending both the macro- and microcosm. The haptic perception of the world (i.e. through the skin, musculoskeletal system, and sensory organs) was one of the first to be formed, as a person does not separate oneself from the latter but at the same time qualifies it. Any feature, physical action, or image is associated with and reinterpreted by a PERSON, who, in the traditional picture of the vernacular language, is verbalised through specific metaphors that involve features of almost all levels of the world around him or her as well as a PERSON as an object of this world. The analysis of nominations shows that transferring any characteristics to a person leads to the realisation of the latter with the help of figurative and nominative means inherent in proper names, plant names, animal names, somatisms, artefacts, etc.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHORNOBYL ONYMIC SPACE IN AMERICAN CINEMATOGRAPHY

2025-02-17T09:27:31+02:00

The article is devoted to the research of the characteristics of Chornobyl onymic space in American cinematography. Proper names are an essential part of the lexical diversity of the language because they do not have a lexical meaning like ordinary names, but they have the special semantics of the appellative vocabulary from which they originated (Gardiner, 1958). Onymes in fiction are distinguished by a specific set of features. Here, the stylistic function becomes essential, while the nominative function is secondary. The relevance of writing the article lies in the fact that the Chornobyl onymic space of American cinematography has not yet been the object of research, nor has the issue of Ukrainian onymic space in cinematography in general been investigated in detail. The article deals the specifics of the metalanguage of onomastic research, in particular, the interpretation of the term “onymic space” in scientific literature and problem of the existence of synonymy in terminology. On the one hand, American cinema is characterised by the presence of films in which the onymic space acts as a decoration (its primary functions are not revealed); on the other hand, there are also those in which proper names are presented in a structured way, they are combined into fields and have stylistic, word-forming, etymological features. Onyms of such films form a particular system that should reflect the features of the traditional Ukrainian onomasticon; however, the specificity of proper names in fiction lies in a different angle; in fact, we look at proper names from the point of view of the author (an American director or screenwriter). The article characterises the onymic space in American cinematography using the example of the miniseries “Chornobyl” (2019); it is determined that the set of proper names of the specified film consists of anthroponymic, toponymic and ergonymic fields, of which the largest is anthroponymic, a little smaller – toponymic, and a very small one – ergonomic. With the help of quantitative and etymological analyses, the composition of the noun space was characterized, as well as the probable origin of some proper names that are symbolic of the plot of the film, proper names that are part of the core and periphery of the noun space and those that are on the border between the core and the periphery were distinguished. Also stylistic, graphic and transliteration features are analyzed by the author. At least, it was made conclusion about the future research.

TRANSLATION OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS IN THE ECONOMIC SUBLANGUAGE

2025-02-17T09:32:43+02:00

The article analyzes the economic terminology, which is an independent complex system with its own specific features, influenced by both linguistic and extralinguistic factors. One of the specific features of economic terminology is the tendency to shorten special terms. Since this area is not well studied, it was found that typologization of abbreviations is one of the problematic issues. An abbreviation is one of the ways of derivation (creation) of new words, which means that the derivational rules of abbreviation formation can be described using the derivational approach. The abbreviation method of formation is one of the most common in derivatology in both English and Ukrainian. Among the areas of economic abbreviations are the following: names of international organizations and agreements, general economic concepts. Among the selected abbreviations, these are the most commonly used topics. The least frequently used abbreviations are in the areas of insurance, lending and taxation. The transfer of special terms, especially their abbreviations, is a very complex and multifaceted process. It is important to take into account many nuances, including non-linguistic ones: peculiarities of the subculture of economists, social phenomena taking place in it, historical, cultural and social peculiarities of the special economic terms and their abbreviations, rapid expansion of the economic terminology system, intensive development of the economic sphere of human activity, automation and acceleration of many economic processes, and as a result, the need for immediate response to them and increase in the speed of information transfer and communication, what is the reason for the emergence of an increasing number of shortened economic terms. All these important nonlinguistic aspects enable us to identify the peculiarities of the formation and usage of terminological abbreviations in the economists’ sublanguage. From the linguistic point of view, the abbreviation did not act as an individual means of communication, but was perceived solely as a form of occasionalism, not involved in word-formation competence. The process of translating an English abbreviation that is not available in dictionaries and reference books is carried out in two stages: the first is decoding the abbreviation, i.e. identifying the original group of English words; the second is translating the correlate into Ukrainian, i.e. finding an equivalent form in Ukrainian that most accurately conveys its meaning. A correlate is a member of a pair or series of interrelated, comparable linguistic units.

VERBAL NEGATION IN THE CONTEXT OF POWER: THE THEME OF THE CONFLICT OF CULTURES IN A COLONIAL SOCIETY

2025-02-17T09:34:38+02:00

The article dwells into how negation in postcolonial novels is a powerful tool for critiquing and challenging power dynamics. It highlights how negation is used to reject the legitimacy of colonial powers, asserting independence and self-determination, and how it helps characters resist oppression and assert their agency. By challenging colonial definitions, authors claim indigenous identity and question the legitimacy of power structures, paving the way for new narratives. Recent research underscores the multifaceted nature of negation in linguistics, spanning philosophical, logical, structural, cognitive, and pragmatic approaches. Despite numerous studies, a comprehensive framework for negation remains elusive. In postcolonial novels, verbal negation reveals identity conflicts, illustrating opposition to colonial culture and the desire to preserve heritage. Common forms include don’t, didn’t, couldn’t and stop. N. Farrah’s Crossbones exemplifies cultural conflicts in colonial societies, highlighting power, control, resistance, and societal impacts. These conflicts create unstable environments marked as fear and repression. In V. S. Naipul’s Magic Seeds, cultural conflicts are depicted through self-awareness and literature. The narrator’s reflection emphasizes cultural self-perception and resistance to change, showing tension between tradition and modernity. The influence of external viewpoints highlights the impact of colonialism on local identities. In Imaginary Homelands, the deployment of negative structures symbolizes cultural displacement and emotional alienation in a postcolonial context. In Doris Lessing’s Mara and Dann, cultural conflicts are highlighted though crisis interactions. Disconnection and miscommunication illustrate cultural disconnects, and diverse priorities reflect social differences. Environmental devastation underscores colonial exploitation, while indifference to suffering reflects prolonged conflict’s emotional toll. Power dynamics show control and hierarchy characteristics of colonial societies. Theses excerpts collectively highlight the complexities of cultural identity negotiation in colonial and postcolonial contexts, emphasizing themes of self-perception, resistance, external influence, and power dynamics.

ANTHROPONYMIKON OF KYIV-MOHYLА ACADEMY OF THE XVII–XVIII CENTURY: THE SEMANTIC ASPECT

2025-02-17T09:36:58+02:00

The article is devoted to the analysis of the semantics of the surnames of the figures of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy of the XVII–XVIII centuries, which was a unique phenomenon in the history of the Ukrainian people and provided examples of socio-political, economic, military and spiritual organisation of society. Our main goal is to determine the semantic basis of the anthroponyms of public figures of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, offering a description and classification of the relations between family names and surnames. Extralinguistic circumstances are also taken into account in the process of exploring the semantics of lexical units. The original semantics, discover motives and principles of nomination are outlined. Our objective is to highlight the main approaches in the modern theory of onomastics. We mention etymological, sociological, historical, functional and synchronous aspects of antroponyms researches. The anthroponymic heritage, created in the “living laboratory” directly by all participants, was analysed, considering the features relevant to the possessors of nicknames at the time of nomination. The article contrasts nomination principles, nomination motives and methods of nomination. Nomination methods are the ways of object nomination. The principles of nomination are related to onyms and notional concepts. The article reveals the motives of nomination as the reasons for specific peculiarities of nomination. All the surnames in this research are described and classified according to this classification. It was determined that most surnames are connected with the transition of personal proper names, individual nicknames, and appellative designations of a person into hereditary names of people without any structural changes as a result of semantic reinterpretations. Most nominations are from full names; some depict contracted variants of male Christian names. Due to etymology, Old Slavic language nominations and their derivatives exist. The analysed factual material made it possible to identify the main motivational and semantic features characteristic of the Old Ukrainian anthroponymicon. Surnames and surnames that arose due to the transfer of personal proper names to the category of surnames, names of one category to another, and common names to the category of proper names are considered. It was found that within the studied material, there are invariable sound forms of the creative word (motivator), which remain unchanged acquire a new meaning and become semantically derived (motivated). Analysed material has demonstrated that there are some derivatives of common nouns. A separate group among them is made of names that came from the external characteristics of the name carrier, such as the names of the trades and crafts.

“OCCUPIED TERRITORY” MEANING VERBALIZATION IN UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH POLITICAL MEDIA DISCOURSE

2025-02-17T09:39:08+02:00

The article is devoted to the linguistic reconstruction of the OCCUPIED TERRITORY verbalized meaning in Ukrainian and English political media discourse. The article presents a corpus-based analysis, within the framework of which the basis for the verbalized meanings’ linguistic reconstruction in English and Ukrainian is developed. It is found that each verbalized meaning in political media discourse is formed with the help of other meanings that integrate with new semantic formations and background information and provide cognitive processing of new potential situations that are recorded in the created corpus of texts. The author notes that the internal content and structure of political media discourse is less a reflection of the individual’s perceptions of the world than a certain symbolic reality with accepted moral norms. Political media discourse in the electronic environment is taking on a new form, more technological and modern, which gives electronic publications a clear advantage, dynamism, over their printed counterparts. Political discourses are nowadays a powerful resource of power, through which state and public institutions carry out self-presentation, construct and promote certain images of reality in a light favorable to them. The understanding of the OCCUPIED TERRITORY verbalized meaning is to reveal the explicit meanings of each discrete element by implicit meanings. Further conceptualization takes place in a specific type of text within the discourse, which is due to the formed cognitive structure. The author realizes the process of linguistic cognitive structure reconstruction based on the methods of structural, cognitive, corpus and comparative linguistics. The paper reveals the cognitive nature of the OCCUPIED TERRITORY verbalized meaning through representative fragments of the political media worldview. The author examines the discursive verbalizers of the OCCUPIED TERRITORY meaning using specific examples selected from the corpora of Ukrainian and English. The corpus manager Sketch Engineb which is an online tool for text analysis was chosen to create the corpora.

SEMANTICS OF THE FLORONYM СОНЯШНИК / SUNFLOWER IN UKRAINIAN & ENGLISH LINGUOCULTURES (BASED ON UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGISMS & RIDDLES)

2025-02-17T09:41:16+02:00

The article is devoted to contrastive analysis of the floronym соняшник/sunflower semantics in Ukrainian and English phraseologies in order to study the specificity of the worldview appropriate for the speakers of the analysed languages, taking into account their ethnocultural peculiarities. The aim is to distinguish the semantic components of the analysed floronym in idioms, paroemias and riddles. This contributes to identifying common and nationally specific features of the studied floronym’s semantics in the contrasted languages. It has been established that common to both linguocultures is the vision of the floronym соняшник/sunflower as a symbol of the sun, light, and the most characteristic heliotrope. It has been determined that Ukrainian riddles encode the sunflower’s external features: a large flower, its orange colour, the stem’s length, the flower’s attraction & resemblance to the sun. Modern English riddles for children also indicate the plant’s height, seed availability & oil production. It has been revealed that in Ukrainian phraseology, the floronym соняшник has the seme of plurality, locative and temporal features, associations with such somatisms as freckles and baldness. As a result of anthropomorphisation, the sunflower is compared to a young man, and its seeds to Cossacks, daughters-in-law, falcons (zoomorphisation). It is emphasised that in modern Ukrainian linguoculture the sunflower is the symbol commemorating the fallen defenders, the Ukrainian invincibility symbol, an emblem representing Ukraine & Ukrainian culture. It has been analysed and determined that the association of the floronym with happiness, courage and a rare phenomenon is specific to the English language. In the North American linguoculture, the studied floronym can be associated with untidiness and is the official flower of the State of Kansas.

VERBAL-RELIGIOUS FORMULAS CONCEPTUAL SEMANTICS IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES

2025-02-17T09:43:48+02:00

The article analyses the conceptual semantics of verbal-religious formulas in English and Ukrainian. The authors consider the main purpose of using such formulas to be the expression of blessing, which is always associated with God or other higher powers, such as saints or angels. Preaching texts are characterised by the use of bookish, ecclesiastical and religious vocabulary that has an archaic or solemn tone, emphasising the sanctity of the moment. Often, fragments of the sacred texts, including prayers, can be found in such expressions. They also implement moral and ethical values accepted in society and folk ideas about well-being. The main verbal component is a part of the ritual, from its beginning to the end of the liturgy. The emotional component of such formulas, according to the authors, is important for establishing a positive connection between the sender and the recipient, encouraging good deeds and desired changes. It is important that these messages always have a positive orientation, reflecting common emotional attitudes aimed at well-being, health and welfare. These formulas act as an incentive to change the addressee’s state, using traditional semantic elements associated with well-being and spiritual health in different cultures and languages. The article identifies the relevant linguistic formulas of religious discourse, which are important for understanding and analyzing the structure of the religious institution as a whole. These formulas not only reflect the peculiarities of language, but also help to determine how religious texts function in the context of culture and religious practice, influencing the spiritual life of the community and ensuring interaction with believers through language.

WAYS TO TRANSLATE ENGLISH TERMINOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

2025-02-17T09:46:04+02:00

The article discusses various ways of translating English terminology in agricultural production. Agronomic texts contain many terminological vocabularies, ensuring a correct and high-quality understanding of what is read. To accurately convey the meaning of an English term in Ukrainian, you need to understand its meaning in both Ukrainian and English languages. However, both languages have their own structural features, which causes significant difficulties when translating agrarian terms. After all, they must correspond not only to the structure but also to the content of the original. In addition, the texts of the agrarian orientation are saturated with grammatical constructions, such as infinitive, adverbial and gerundial inflexions, which complicate the understanding of the text. This creates even more significant challenges for the translator. The language is dynamic and constantly replenished with neologisms in any sphere of human existence, including agriculture. With scientific and technical progress development, new forms of communication have appeared, and the role of scientific and technical translation has increased. Agricultural literature is classified as scientific and technical literature. The translation of lexical units of scientific and technical literature causes difficulties in understanding and translation, requiring an accurate selection of the equivalent in the translation process or an adequate replacement. Successful completion of these tasks requires the translator’s in-depth knowledge of the text’s subject and an understanding of professional terminology in the native language. Therefore, the context helps reveal the term’s meaning in scientific and technical literature. The translator is tasked with choosing a high-quality translation of the term in relation to the context with the help of simple constructions. The article analyses the most common translation methods: lexical, grammatical, and lexical-semantic. Translation methods such as transcoding, tracing, descriptive methods, and methods of specification and generalisation are considered. An analysis of the use of these methods in the translation process for accurate transmission of the content of the original in the translated language was carried out. It was determined that translating terms requires an understanding of the field of translation to convey the meaning and logic of the original term and find an adequate counterpart.

AXIOLOGICAL MEANINGS OF MODAL WORDS IN THE PUBLICISTIC DISCOURSE OF MODERN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

2025-02-17T09:48:12+02:00

The article is devoted to studying the peculiarities of the use of modal words to express emotional and evaluative functions in the publicistic discourse of the modern Ukrainian language. It has been established that Russia’s full-scale invasion and significant socio-political changes in Ukraine have intensified the expressive role of linguistic means in journalism, which necessitates special linguistic research and thus determines the relevance of this article. The study aims to identify the axiological potential of modal words and their impact on the formation of the evaluative modality of the text. In addition, various approaches to the classification and grammatical status of modal words are analysed, confirming that in the publicistic style, they are important means of communicative-pragmatic expression, representing both positive and negative evaluations of situations. Special attention is given to analysing contemporary headlines from news outlets and posts on Telegram channels, which demonstrates the variability in the use of modal words to form evaluative judgments. It was found that using these units enhances the impact on the audience, allowing authors to express emotional evaluations of events and phenomena, resonating with the sentiments of society. During the analysis of the selected contexts, other axiological means hold a significant place within specific discourses, demonstrating their overall positive or negative evaluative tone and confirming the role of the modal words under study in conveying evaluation. There is a noticeable trend in the use of modal words to create ironic and sarcastic nuances, serving as a response to contemporary sociopolitical challenges. It is noted that modal words in modern journalism function not only as means of subjective modality but also as tools of emotional influence, highlighting the axiological component of statements.